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Design/PHILIP RUSHTON
It is one of the oldest questions in science, and one of the least satisfactorily answered. What is life? Not, how does life work? Biology has made extraordinary progress on that front. But what actually is life itself, at the deepest level? What distinguishes a living thing from a non-living one? What does a bacterium have that a crystal does not? What is present in a cell that is absent from the individual molecules that build it? The independent scientist Philip Rushton thinks he has finally found the answer.
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ORIGIN OF LIFE
The intuitive view regarding the origin of life is that it happened slowly. To suggest that the vast complexity of life arose suddenly is so improbable as to be out of the question. Or is it? State-of-the-art research by Philip Rushton suggests it could not be otherwise.
ORIGIN OF LIFE
A big, unquestioned assumption about the origin of life within science today is that there was only one origin of life. Research by Philip Rushton suggests otherwise - with a surprising twist.
ASTROBIOLOGY
Have you ever wondered what life would be like on the other side of the universe? Would it be unrecognisable to life here on Earth, or essentially the same? Philip Rushton's NPCA theory of life gives an answer that is as surprising as it is clear.
THEORETICAL
If we strip biology of space, time and matter, what is left? The short, shocking answer is: not nothing. According to Philip Rushton, not only is there something crucial other than space, time and matter, it exists inside every living cell.
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LATEST NEWS (June 2026)
| Computer simulation showing the emergence of triadic unidirectional communication from a random network.
At the heart of every cell is DNA, RNA and protein, a unidirectional communication architecture with a triadic structure. But why do DNA, RNA and protein communicate in one direction? And why are they three? This paper explores a fascinating reason: not chance, or chemistry, but logic.
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ABOUT RUSHTON RESEARCH
Illuminating biology with a radical new theory of life
Rushton Research was created by independent scientist Philip Rushton in 2026 to explore and communicate a radical new theory of life which has - so far - taken 20 years to develop. According to Dr Rushton, biology is not a consequence of the laws of physics and chemistry, it is the embodiment of universal logic: the Non-Physical Communication Architecture or NPCA.
